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The most frequent causes of upper respiratory infections are human rhinoviruses HRVs ; . The olfactory neuroepithelium ONe ; , which includes the mucosa and the receptor cells, is a first line of defense against airborne viruses and allergens, some of which manage to penetrate the nasal mucosa and invade the tissues of the ONe. Biochemical evidence from several studies suggests that zinc is an effective cold treatment and that overthe-counter zinc gluconate compounds may provide the high pharmacological doses of zinc needed to act as the most effective means of treating and reducing the duration and severity of symptoms of the common cold. A series of male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed an oral preparation of zinc gluconate trihydrate to deliver a comparable dose of ionic zinc, or received the equivalent through drinking water, to investigate potential cytotoxic and or neurotoxic insult from the use of such compounds to the olfactory receptor cells and other tissue in the ONe and afferent neuronal pathways. Coronal sections of the rat ONe and corresponding olfactory bulbs OB ; showed consistent cellular and tissue damage of increasing severity that correlated with the duration of treatment with the zinc compound when compared to the control group animals. The results of this analysis indicate that the repeated oral administration of such zinc-containing compounds have neurotoxic effects on the ONe and to the mitral cells in the OB of treated rats. These findings point toward increased investigation into the potential deleterious effects of zinc containing compounds to humans as well, for example, rimonabant in usa.
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Acid base and electrolyte disturbances are common, but unpredictable. Metabolic alkalosis due to sequestration of hydrogen ions into the stomach, metabolic acidosis due to failure of oxygen delivery to the tissues and development of lactic acidosis, and respiratory acidosis or alkalosis may occur. Diagnosis and rational treatment require arterial blood gas analysis and measurement of electrolytes. Hypokalaemia is the most common electrolyte abnormality.
Which this intervention is designed to address. The GOJ and the MOH have emphac sized the importance of Health Care Accreditation to the country as contained in the National Agenda and the MOH's health strategy. Strong support for this initiative is also clear from the public, private, university and military health sectors as collectively they have expressed keen interest in developing a system for accreditation that will improve both the quality and the safety of health care services, because rimonabant approval.
The support group t 66 ; 2.525 p 0.01. Chi square showed a statistically significant association between gender and attendance at the support group suggesting that women are more likely to attend than men 2 1, N 68 ; 7.99 p 0.01. There was no statistically significant association between living with other adults and attendance c2 1, N 68 ; 0.244 p 1. There was no statistically significant association between attendance and whether or not the participants were working 2 1, N 68 ; 0.076 p 1. Content analysis on the openended questionnaire revealed the following themes for reasons why they attended the support group: meeting people in a similar situation; not being judged; keeps motivation going from the pain management programme, and knowing there is a health professional there to seek advice from if needed. `meeting others in a similar situation' "well its nice to meet and chat to others who understand what you are going through on a daily basis `cos no-one else does" "the best thing about attending the support group is meeting others in chronic pain so you can swap stories and have a laugh" "you don't keep getting asked how your pain is, because they know" `not being judged' "you can, just be yourself if it's a good day that's fine if you're having a bad day people don't mind, you don't have to put on a brave face and pretend you're ok.you're not judged they just take you as they find you" "sometimes I limp, sometimes I don't, at the group it doesn't matter, you are a person not a pain.
The proposed appointment of a Professor of Neuroscience in the Faculty of Medicine, QUB, will strengthen the area of Neuroscience within QUB. We anticipate that the establishment of an Institute of Life and Health Sciences, QUB, will also enhance opportunities for collaboration between clinical and laboratory-based scientists and improve research infrastructure. A National Neuroscience Network has been established in Ireland and we have made contact with this Network. We will develop these links in order to explore possibilities for joint grant applications or other forms of collaboration and rivastigmine.
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Together with fragrances, preservatives are the most common cause of allergic reactions to cosmetics and toiletries. We avoid using formadehyde, methylisothiazolinones, DMDM hydantoin, diazolidinyl and imidazolidinyl urea, and quaternium 15 due to their unacceptable irritancy. We also avoid the parabens due to the recent discovery of their oestrogen mimicking effects. products are designed to be self preserving, using low & levels of safe product stabilisers enhanced by the antimicrobial effects of essential oils such as sandalwood, and water purified to the stringent BP 2000 standard.
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NOP Standards 7 CFR Part 205 ; [652] Summary: NOP Standards became effective in 2002. It will facilitate domestic and international marketing of fresh and processed food that is organically produced and assure consumers that such products meet consistent, uniform standards. This program establishes national standards for the production and handling of organically produced products, including a National List of substances approved for and prohibited from use in organic production and handling. It establishes an accreditation program for State officials and private persons who want to be accredited as certifying agents. It includes requirements for labeling products as organic and containing organic ingredients. It provides rules for importation of organic agricultural products with equivalent organic program requirements and sporanox.
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Some breast tumors are known to have excess numbers of epidermal growth factor receptors EGFRs ; . These substances lie on the surface of the breast cancer cells and take in messages ordering the cells to grow and divide. Although many normal cells contain EGFRs, some kinds of cancer cells have abnormally high amounts of them. In other words, the tumors overexpress EGFR. The more receptors on a cell, the more signals the cell receives to grow and multiply. Tumors that overexpress EGFR are called EGFR-positive. Researchers are trying to use knowledge of a breast tumor's EGFR content to learn how the cancer might respond to treatment. EGFR AND RESPONSE TO HORMONE TREATMENT AND CHEMOTHERAPY Scientists at the Baylor College of Medicine in Houston measured the EGFR content of breast tumor samples taken from more than 2, 500 women. They compared the EGFR measurements with each woman's characteristics, such as age, and the tumor's features, such as size. They found that EGFR-positive tumors were more common among black women and women younger than 50 years of age. What's more, the EGFR-positive tumors tended to be larger and to spread into the lymph nodes. The lymph nodes, for example, rimonabant usa.
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| Rimonabant fda acomplia1. Provide an update and critical review of important women's health articles published between March 2006 and February 2007 for general internal medicine. 2. Review how these studies impact our care of women. 3. Discuss controversies in the context of clinical practice, because rimonabant nhs.
Compares the costs of a program or therapies in monetary terms and its effects or outcomes in qualityadjusted life years QALYs ; . Special form of CEA Utility is a measure of Health-related Quality of Life Measures cost per incremental change in patient preference. Input: cost Output: health outcomes adjusted for HrQoL e.g., QALY and sumatriptan.
1. Kessler RC, McGonagle KA, Zhao S et al. Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States. Archives of General Psychiatry 1994; 51: 819. Angst J, Selloro R. Historical perspectives and natural history of bipolar disorder. Biological Psychiatry 2000; 48: 445457. Tohen M, Waternaux CM, Tsuang MT. Outcome in mania. Archives of General Psychiatry 1990; 47: 11061111. Tohen M, Tsuang MT, Goodwin DC. Prediction of outcome in mania by mood-congruent or mood-incongruent psychotic features. American Journal of Psychiatry 1992; 149: 15801584. Keck PE Jr, McElroy SL, Strakowski SM et al. 12-month outcome of patients with bipolar disorder following hospitalisation for a manic or mixed episode. American Journal of Psychiatry 1998; 155: 646652. Goodwin FK, Jamison KR. Manic-depressive illness. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990. 7. Harris EC, Barraclough B. Suicide as an outcome for mental disorders: a meta-analysis. British Journal of Psychiatry 1997; 170: 205228. Strakowski SM, Tohen M, Stoll AL et al. Comorbidity in mania at first hospitalization. American Journal of Psychiatry 1992; 149: 554556. Tohen M, Greenfield SF, Weiss RD et al. The effect of comorbid substance use in disorders on the course of bipolar disorder: a review. Harvard Review in Psychiatry 1998; 6: 133141. Coryell W, Scheftner W, Keller M et al. The enduring psychosocial consequences of mania and depression. American Journal of Psychiatry 1993; 150: 720727. Kessler RC, Rubinow DR, Holmes C et al. The epidemiology of DSM-III-R bipolar I disorder in a general population survey. Psychological Medicine 1997; 27: 10791089. Manji HK, Moore GJ, Rajkowska G et al. Neuroplasticity and cellular resilience in mood disorders. Molecular Psychiatry 2000; 5: 578593. Sachs GS, Printz DJ, Kahn DA, Carpenter D, Docherty JP. The expert consensus guideline series: Medication treatment of bipolar disorder 2000. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2000: 1104. 14. Bauer MS, Callahan AM, Jampala C et al. Clinical practice guidelines for bipolar disorder from the Department of Veterans Affairs. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 1999; 60: 921. Grunze H, Kasper S, Goodwin G et al. World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry WFSBP ; Guidelines for biological treatment of bipolar disorders. Part I. Treatment of bipolar depression. World Journal of Biological Psychiatry 2002; 3: 115124.
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For preparations containing meat, processed meat or offal, see Part II, 212. Preparations of vegetables, fruit, nuts or other parts of plants Nil.
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Fifteen state-of-the-art papers will be presented by an international faculty. Selected topics will range from the molecular biology and pharmacology of the brain to the clinical pharmacology of centrally acting antihypertensive agents. Individual sessions will be chaired by Dr. Donald J. Reis, Professor Pieter van Zwieten and Professor Colin T. Dollery. Drs. William B. Abrams and Charles S. Sweet are the symposium chairmen. For more information, individuals desiring to attend should write a brief communication on their specific interest in this symposium and background in hypertension research, CNS pharmacology or related areas. Please forward all requests to: CNS Symposium William B. Abrams, M.D. Merck Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories 42-3 West Point, PA 19486 Attendance will be limited to 150. A registration fee of $50.00 will cover two breakfasts, two lunches and CME credits. Sponsor: Merck Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories Co-sponsor: American Society for Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics and temovate.
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Due to the small size of the related firms compared to the parent company and to the high proportion of intragroup sales, in 2004 2005 Egis's performance continued to have a dominant role in the consolidated results. Financial result is an exception to this as individual financial transactions of subsidiaries have significant effect on the consolidated figures as well. Net sales Consolidated sales of Egis Group amounted to HUF 93 985 069 thousand in 2004 2005, HUF 7 125 571 thousand or 8% more than in the previous year. Within this, domestic sales accounted for HUF 47 444 784 thousand and rose by 6%, while export sales grew to HUF 46 540 285 thousand, exceeding comparative figure by 11%. Egis Ltd. kept accounting for an increasing, 78% proportion of consolidated sales while the remaining part was generated by the extragroup sales of the consolidated companies. Besides Egis Ltd., considerable independent sales were achieved by Medimpex Rt., Medimpex Gygyszer-nagykereskedelmi Rt., Medimpex UK, as well as EGIS Polska among the eastern European subsidiaries. Costs and expenses Total consolidated amount of operating costs and expenses came to HUF 85 706 774 thousand, 7% more than a year ago. Material related expenses amounted to HUF 61 249 021 thousand, reflecting a 5% increase over the financial year. Personal expenses represented HUF 19 167 360 thousand with a growth of 11%. Depreciation was HUF 5 290 393 thousand, 12% more than the comparative figure. Other income and other expenses Consolidated other income amounted to HUF 1 138 679 thousand, representing a 23% fall compared to the previous year. Other expenses also decreased and came to HUF 3 759 629 thousand during the financial year, 31% less than last year. Accordingly, the negative balance of other income and expenses of HUF 2 620 950 thousand was substantially better than prior year's figure of HUF 3 945 941 thousand. Profit on basic activities Profit on basic activities of Egis Ltd. and its consolidated companies reached HUF 11 110 894 thousand in 2004 2005, showing a 57% rise compared to the previous year. Profit on basic activities to net sales came to 12%. The significant increase in results was attributable to the expansion in turnover that surpassed the relatively moderate growth of costs and expenses. Profit before taxation Consolidated financial result continued to display considerable improvement in the financial year 2004 2005 and achieved HUF 1 590 681 thousand, 48% higher than in the previous year. Extraordinary items kept exerting marginal effect on net profit, decreasing it by HUF 80 916 thousand. In total, consolidated profit before taxation of the Egis Group amounted to HUF 12 620 659 thousand in the financial year 2004 2005, exceeding the prior year's figure by 56%, while Egis Ltd. reported its individual profit before taxation to be HUF 12 824 744 thousand, 54% over previous year's figure. Profit after taxation Companies of Egis Group pay corporate tax in accordance with the local tax regulations. Altogether the group recorded HUF 1 479 360 thousand corporate tax including HUF 1 440 546 payable by Egis Ltd. itself. As a result, consolidated profit after taxation of Egis Group in 2004 2005 came to HUF 11 141 299 thousand, 57% more than in the preceding financial year. Net profit Consolidated companies expected to pay HUF 934 000 thousand dividend to their shareholders. Based on the foregoing, the 2004 2005 net profit of Egis Ltd. and its consolidated companies amounted to HUF 10 207 299 thousand, 65% higher compared to the previous year.
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Onset and duration -- is the condition acute or chronic in nature? Symptoms lasting more than four weeks are chronic, while those occurring in the previous 12 hours are hyperacute. Laterality -- is the condition monocular or binocular? Did it begin in one eye and then spread to the other? Course -- is the condition improving or worsening, or does it wax and wane? Is it associated with seasonal variations? Social history -- is there any recent contact with children or adults with a red eye? Is there a history of long-term sun exposure pterygium and pingueculae ; ? Some patients may need to be asked specifically about their sexual history, including current or prior genital tract infection with, or exposure to, sexually transmitted infections gonococcal and chlamydial conjunctivitis ; . Occupational history -- does the patient work in a situation that may predispose to trauma or allow environmental exposures to irritants or allergens such as dust, wind, smoke or chemicals? Past medical history and review of systems -- has the patient had a recent upper respiratory illness? Systemic malignancies, dermatological conditions and inflammatory disorders such as sarcoidosis and lupus can manifest as ophthalmic conditions. Pay special attention to immune status, autoimmune diseases, prior head and neck pathology, thyroid conditions, history of allergy, and coagulation status. Ophthalmic history -- does the patient wear contact lenses? Is there a history of intra- or extra-ocular surgery, including eyelid surgery? Has there been any prior radiation treatment to the orbital region? Medications -- many systemic medications may have ocular side effects, such as antihistamines causing dryness. Document all topical ocular medications and their actual frequency and duration of use. Pay special attention to over-the-counter medicines such as `get the red out' medicines, tear substitutes and contact lens solutions. Pain Relieved with topical anaesthetic Corneal abrasion, corneal ulcer, severe dry eye Not relieved with topical anaesthetic Scleritis, orbital process, anterior uveitis, angle-closure glaucoma Visual disturbance Itching Mild Blepharitis, viral or bacterial conjunctivitis, dry eye, mild allergic eye disease Severe Allergic or atopic keratoconjunctivitis, vernal keratoconjunctivitis Loss of vision Corneal processes Microbial keratitis ulcer ; , severe dry eye, abrasions Intraocular processes Uveitis, cataract, retinal pathology, optic neuropathies, acute glaucoma Orbital processes Optic neuropathies, orbital tumours, orbital infections Cortical processes Brain tumours, stroke Discharge Mucopurulent Bacterial conjunctivitis Watery serous ; Viral conjunctivitis Stringy Allergic conjunctivitis, for example, rimonaban5 and fda.
RSUM DE L'TUDE D'IMPACT DE LA RGLEMENTATION Ce rsum ne fait pas partie des rgles ni du rglement. ; Description Le Tribunal canadien du commerce extrieur est un tribunal administratif tabli en vertu de la Loi sur le Tribunal canadien du commerce extrieur L.C. 1988, ch. 56 ; . Le paragraphe 39 1 ; de cette loi prvoit que le Tribunal peut, aprs consultation avec le ministre des Finances et sous rserve de l'approbation du gouverneur en conseil, tablir des rgles rgissant d'une manire gnrale la procdure relative ses travaux. L'article 40 de la Loi autorise le gouverneur en conseil prendre des rglements concernant diverses questions relatives la Loi. Les Rgles modifiant les Rgles du Tribunal canadien du commerce extrieur et le Rglement modifiant le Rglement du Tribunal canadien du commerce extrieur sont pris en vertu des articles 39 et 40 respectivement de la Loi sur le Tribunal canadien du commerce extrieur. Ces modifications permettent de corriger certaines erreurs de forme et d'ordre technique c.--d. des erreurs de traduction ou de transposition ; qui ont t dceles par le Comit mixte permanent d'examen de la rglementation. Solutions envisages Il n'y a pas d'autres mesures possibles. La modification des Rgles du Tribunal canadien du commerce extrieur en utilisant le pouvoir prvu l'article 39 et du Rglement modifiant le Rglement sur le Tribunal canadien du commerce extrieur en and rivastigmine.
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1993R0793 -- EN -- 20.11.2003 -- 001.001 -- 3 B Commission should submit not later than one year after the entry into force of this Regulation an initial priority list; Whereas the risk evaluation of substances on the priority lists should be carried out by the Member States; whereas the latter should be designated at Community level on the basis of a distribution of responsibilities taking account of the situation of the Member States; whereas risk evaluation principles should also be established at Community level; Whereas, in the priority-setting process and risk evaluation of existing substances, it is necessary to take into account, in particular, the lack of data on the effects of the substance, the work already carried out in other international organizations, such as the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, and other legislation and or Community programmes concerning dangerous substances; Whereas it is necessary to adopt at Community level the results of the risk evaluation and the recommended strategy for limiting risks in respect of substances on the priority lists; Whereas it is appropriate to reduce to a minimum the number of animals used for experimental purposes in accordance with the provisions of Council Directive 86 609 EEC of 24 November 1986 on the approximation of laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States regarding the protection of animals used for experimental and other scientific purposes 1 whereas, wherever possible and in consultation, in particular, with the European Centre for Alternative Testing Methods, the use of animals must be avoided by recourse to validated alternative procedures; Whereas for tests on chemical substances to be carried out in the context of this Regulation it is necessary to follow the good laboratory practices set out in Council Directive 87 18 EEC of 18 December 1986 on the harmonization of laws, regulations and administrative provisions relating to the application of the principles of good laboratory practice and the verification of their application for tests on chemical substances 2 Whereas the Commission, assisted by a committee made up of representatives of the Member States, should be given the necessary powers to adapt certain Annexes to technical progress and to adopt certain implementing measures in respect of the Regulation; Whereas the confidential nature of certain information covered by industrial or commercial secrecy should be guaranteed.
HME Films containing different proportions of HPC, PEO, and CT were extruded into thin films. The formulations and extrusion parameters are listed in Table 1. Films containing only PEO N-750 could not be extruded because of its high viscosity. Hence, PEO N-80 15% ; was incorporated to aid in the processing of F5. The thickness of the films was found to be 0.54 mm 0.02 mm ; . The films were uniform, and the opacity of the films increased as the concentration of PEO increased. PEO, unlike HPC, is a semicrystalline polymer, and the crystalline regions are usually dense and hence impart opacity to the PEO films. Water Sorption Studies The water vapor sorption isotherms of HME films containing CT and polymer blends are represented in Figure 1. The EMC was significantly affected by the polymer composition. The EMC of the polymer-blended films decreased as the percentage of PEO incorporated within the films increased F1 9 F2 because of low water sorption properties of PEO at RHs lower than 70%. Determining the moisture uptake by the polymer films is important in defining the storage conditions, to predict and enhance the physical-mechanical and chemical stability of the film matrices. Bioadhesion Studies The peak adhesive force PAF ; and the work of adhesion area under curve AUC ; obtained are illustrated in Figure 2. It was observed that the bioadhesion increased with an increase in PEO concentration F1 G F2 Statistical analysis was performed by ANOVA and also by comparing all of the formulation pairs by the Tukey-Kramer HSD honestly significant difference ; test. Statistical analysis was also performed to compare each formulation with the control formulation using Dunnett's test, which determines whether means are different from the mean of a control group. F1 was considered to be the control group. The statistical analysis revealed that F1 and F2 were not significantly different, indicating that incorporation of 15% PEO into the HPC films did not increase the bioadhesive properties of HPC films significantly. However, concentrations greater than 15% PEO increased the bioadhesion of HPC films significantly. It can be observed from Figure 2 that F5, containing only PEO, had a higher peak adhesive force and work of adhesion than did F1, which had only HPC. An important feature of a mucoadhesive polymer is the ability to form physical bonds, principally by entanglement with the substrate molecules mucin ; . The linear flexible chains of the PEO molecule have extremely high segmental mobility E5.
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One challenge is the complexity of the many, largely uncharted pathways related to obesity and the means by which obesity predisposes patients to type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease Lazar, Science, 2005; Schwartz, Science, 2005 ; . These include both complex intracellular signaling pathways and physiological pathways by which multiple organs and tissues "talk" to one another via cytokines, hormones, and nutrients such as glucose and free fatty acids. Over the years, it has become clear that metabolic diseases involve whole-organism physiology, which reductionist molecular and cell biology approaches cannot adequately address. At the same time, obesity research has been held back by a lack of funding and resistance by third-party payers, as discussed in Table 2. The predominating idea that obese patients should "heal themselves" by just reducing their food intake and increasing activity has made obesity drug discovery a less popular area of research, despite the opportunity. These factors suggest that, similar to the trend in cancer, optimal pharmacotherapy for obesity may involve combination therapies, and drugs that hit more than one target. One way of discovering such drugs, as well as new targets, is by screening drugs in cellular assays that assess the effects of drugs on cellular functions, regardless of what target is hit. This approach is the one taken by AdipoGenix, which screens drugs in human adipocytes derived from nonobese, obese, obese diabetic, and other types of individuals, and from all three fat depots mesenteric, omental, and subcutaneous ; . For example, AdipoGenix researchers screen drugs for inducing reduction in fat content. The researchers can then go on to determine the mechanism of action of drugs that score positive. Such drugs may hit one or multiple targets. Another implication of the complexity of obesity pathways is the need for new animal models. "Standard" mouse obesity models are monogenic and demonstrate extreme obesity rarely seen in humans. Edward H. Leiter Jackson Laboratories ; and his colleagues have been developing polygenic mouse models that more closely model human obesity and obesity-induced insulin resistance and diabetes Leiter EH, Diabetes, 2004. ; These models can be used to study disease pathways and develop novel therapeutic strategies as well as to test the effects of drugs. Several other novel approaches to developing novel breakthrough strategies for addressing obesity were discussed at the MBC conference including some from CytRx Laboratories, Mercury Therapeutics, Boston University, Beth Israel Deaconess Hospital, and the Whitehead Institute. Outlook for the Near Future If rimonabant is approved in 2006, it and the two currently available drugs, orlistat and sibutramine, will be the only obesity drugs on the market for several years. Given the complexity of obesity pathways, the large number of organs and tissues involved, and the modest efficacy of the drugs developed to date, optimal obesity treatment is likely to involve personalized combination therapy. It is important to remember that obesity drugs will be prescribed for a huge range of patients, including the elderly, reproductive-age women, and those with other serious medical conditions, which also points to a need for personalized therapy. In addition, obesity drug developers must learn from the fen-phen experience, where many prescriptions where written offlabel and often generously prescribed through "diet centers" with no serious medical oversight. Based on the data available, no miracle obesity drug is on the horizon. If pipeline drugs demonstrate long-term efficacy and few if any additional side effects, some of these compounds could become part of the package of future obesity therapies, all of which will be prescribed with lifestyle counseling. Unfortunately, the "magic bullet" for obesity, which will probably not be a single drug but a personalized combination, still appears to be a long way off. New therapeutic strategies for obesity and its comorbidities are sorely needed. Allan B. Haberman, Ph.D., is principal of Haberman Associates , Wayland, Massachusetts.
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